Black Feminism By Alice Walker - 2142 Words

Black Feminism Black Feminism argues that sexism, class oppression and racism are linked together. Mainstream feminism that more than often benefits white women, strives to overcome class and gender oppression, however they do not recognise that race can discriminate against women also. Activist, Alice Walker states that black women experience a different kind of oppression when compared to their white counterparts. Professor of Sociology and social activist, Patricia Hill Collins summarises that Black feminism is ‘a process of self-conscious struggle that empowers women and men to actualise a humanist vision of community.’ Her quote welcomes individuals of any gender, whom understands black women’s struggle to fight with them. [Collins, 1991:39] DATES The Black Feminist Movement is said to have grown out of the Black Liberation Movement and the Women’s Movement that took place in the United States of America. In both movements Black women were being openly discriminated against and found it hard to voice their opinions and gather solidarity. Author, Cherise Charleswell writes in her article, Herstory: Origins and Continued Relevancy of Black Feminist Thought in the United States, that ‘â€Å"Black† was equated with black men and â€Å"woman† was equated with white women; and the end result of this was that black women were an invisible group whose existence and needs were (and many would rightfully argue continues) to be ignored.’ This became the reason for Black Feminism to beShow MoreRelatedWomanism: Universal Black Feminism751 Words   |  4 PagesWOMANISM The term womanism is coined by Alice Walker, the author best known for her book â€Å"The Color Purple.† Walker used the term for the first time in 1983, when she talked about the womanist theory in her book In Search of Our Mother’s Gardens: Womanist prose. The womanist movement centres on the feminist effort of black women. Womanism grew because activists felt that the feminist movement did not fully cover the plight of black women. Rather than focusing on social change or activism,Read MoreLiterary Analysis Of Alice Walker And Visual Artist1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction My paper literary artist Alice walker and visual artist Van Goth are best artist in the world, they have many similar things and different things, they are come from different century, different country, they have different family background, they have different work and life. People have different views on them. They both well know and both have a lot of fans in the world. Compared their difference and similar, life and work. We could links the two lives and their work together. ForRead MoreAlice Walker And Zora Neale Hurston875 Words   |  4 PagesAlice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston Both Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston are similar to having the same concept about black women to have a voice and being perspective. These two authors are phenomenal women who impacted on the southern hospitality roots. Alice Walker and Zora Neale Hurston comment on fear, avenge, and righteousness among African American women that are abuse of their power. Walker and Hurston uses the same theory of feminism to point out the liberation that isRead Moreâ€Å"All segments of the literary world—whether establishment, progressive, Black, female, or1200 Words   |  5 Pagesliterary world—whether establishment, progressive, Black, female, or lesbian—do not know, or at least act as if they do not know, that Black women writers and Black lesbian writers exist.† During the 1970’s to 1980’s, African American studies of Black’s steep legacy was a dying trade. Alice walker stepped up in this time period as an influential writer of t he recovery movement for African American studies. Three well respected works from Alice Walker are: The Color Purple, The Third Life of GrangeRead MoreCritically Examine How Black Feminism Emerged And Assess1229 Words   |  5 Pagesexamine how Black feminism emerged and assess its impact on contemporary feminist theory. Answer with reference to intersectionality and ‘difference . feminism means the equality between men and women in social, political and social standing. There are many different types of feminism that women have adopted that they best feel aligns with their perspectives of the world. This essay will mainly be focusing black feminism that was developed in the 1960s. The essay will examine why the black feminismRead MoreInfluence Of Life In The Color Purple By Alice Walker1192 Words   |  5 Pageslker Commonly known as the author behind the epistolary novel, The Color Purple, Alice Walker is a native Georgian who considerably influenced the culture of the state. Her legacy begun February 9th, 1944 in Putnam County, Georgia when she was born to proud African American parents as the youngest of eight children. Her father, Willie Lee Walker, was a sharecropper blessed with a mind adept in mathematics, but cursed with substandard farming skills, and therefore was not a good source of incomeRead MoreThe Effects Of Writing On Feminist Theory1375 Words   |  6 Pagesthe masculine (Delahoyde 1). Feminism is not a young concept, in fact, the word first appeared in 1890’s France as â€Å"fà ©minisme† (Freedman 4). Feminist theory was developed to recognize injustices against women, and proposes action to change the situation universally (Young 20). The 1960s and 70s brought second-wave feminism, which occurred during the same time as the Civil Rights movement and protests against the Vietnam War (Rich 7). The second wave of feminism was said to be a transition focusedRead MoreFeminism And The Second Wave921 Words   |  4 Pagesin the third wave. Many feminist writers like Bell Hooks, Audre Lorde and Alice Walker did an appreciable work for the women of color. Alice Walker defined the terms â€Å"Womanism and womanist† which would help to make an idea of black feminism and for women of color. Whereas, Audre describes it as â€Å"Black feminism is not white feminism in black face. Instead it is a rich, unique way of thinking based in the traditions of black culture. Women became more prominent and active in political fields in laterRead MoreThe Color Purple By Alice Walker1540 Words   |  7 Pages Alice Walker is an award winning   author, most famously recognized for her novel   The Color Purple ;aside from being a novelist Walker is also a poet,essayist and activist .Her writing explores various social aspects as it concerns women and also celebrates political as well as social revolution. Walker has gained the reputation of being a prominent spokesperson and a symbolic figure for black feminism. Proper analyzation   of Walker s work comes from the   knowledge on her early life, educationalRead MoreBook Review: Black Feminist Thought (Patricia Hill Collins) Essay1077 Words   |  5 PagesAlexandra Bobet HIST 3119 Spring 2013 Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment (review) Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness, and the Politics of Empowerment. Ed. By Patricia Hill Collins. (New York: Routledge, 2000. ii, 336 pp. Cloth, $128.28, ISBN 0-415-92483-9. Paper, $26.21, 0-415-92484-7.) Patricia Hill Collins’s work, Black Feminist Thought seeks to center Black Women into intersectionalist thought, addressing the power struggles that

Persuasive Essay On Abortion - 1635 Words

What is overpopulation? Overpopulation has been defined as a situation where the number of people in an environment exhausts all available resources weakening its needed support. (Morse Mosher) For years there have been reports of how many people are expected to live on earth by the year 2050, 2075, and so on. However, the question remains as to whether everyone will have a secured spot. Today, in 2017 there have been plenty of fights with the scarcity of resources, where overpopulation becomes the topic of conversation. However, to solve this issue the option of abortion was brought to the forefront by scientists and advocates such as Dan Savage who mentioned that abortion should be mandatory for the next 30 years in or to control the†¦show more content†¦population is projected to increase from 319 million to 417 million, reaching 400 million in 2051. The U.S. population is projected to grow more slowly in future decades than in the recent past, as these projections assume that fertility rates will continue to decline and that there will be a modest decline in the overall rate of net inter-national migration†. (Colby Ortman) In addition, according to the most accurate results reported in 2013, the total amount of abortions in the U.S. that year came to be 664,435 in comparison to a number of 3 million births that year. (CDC) As shown in the graph below it’s proven that as abortion rates decrease the population and Medicaid costs increases. Fig. 1. Graph of reported population and abortions from 2010-2013. Credit of cdc.gov Medicaid.gov Considering the thought of raising the number of these medical procedures comes the question of how it will affect society. For those who pay taxes their funds are a contribution to the Title X portion of federal funding, who is estimated to spend about 385 billion dollars on Medicaid this year. (CBO) For those who have private insurance, services are paid for directly out of pocket, but in the case of low-income families who receive Medicaid or government assistance, the battle over Planned Parenthood is the main contender. Under the workings of the Public Service Health Act government funding contributes to the services of family planning health centers such as PlannedShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Essay About Abortion993 Words   |  4 Pagesin two peoples perspectives. The story consisted of a daughter (Deb) and mother’s perspective after the death of her father. The purpose of this layout is to show how they are both grieving in individual ways. Writing for the persuasive wa s presented as an essay on why abortion should be accessible in every country, and to also outline the shame women receive. Purpose Purpose for writing publication- Purpose for writing a real-estate article was to inform a potential buyer on the house showed. AlsoRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pages To begin with, there has always been an extensive issue with the topic of abortion, why? Well, it’s a tough subject and can get extremely emotional and very defensive. Honestly, people just need to open up their eye’s and understand that its murder and not just a choice. It is murder because two can create a blessing and the choice of aborting it, is more like a sacrifice for the reason a mother can’t carry a baby for nine months. Whether a person is a minor, young adult, or an adult and is inRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay755 Words   |  4 Pagesinstead these babies are torn limb by limb, burned, and many other tortuous methods to end the precious life. Abortion is murder and is not only very cruel to the unborn baby but it also harms the mother. Pro-choice is an escape from the harsh reality that a baby is being murdered, and in my eyes a life should only be terminated if God himself is ready to call them home. One reason why abortion is wrong is because they are many other safe solutions that would give the child a chance at life. AdoptionRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion917 Words   |  4 PagesAbortions in Texas consist of ending a pregnancy of an unborn child before it can live out of the mother womb. However if the pregnancy ends not on purpose before the twenty four week mark then technically it would be considered a miscarriage. Though inducing the abortion on purpose has caused a lot of controversy over the past century. Deliberately putting people on one of two sides of this issues, of either being for it, which would be considered Pro Choice. Or in the other category of the ProRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1228 Words   |  5 Pagesmillion pregnancies each year in the United States, 1.6 million end up in abortion† (Hern). Because of the numerous traumatic psychological, physical, and overall irresponsible behavior or actions constantly encouraged due to abortio n, it should be banned, and forever illegal. Killing one’s own fetus has been linked to psychological distress which has been channeled into many different cases of substance abuse. â€Å"Induced abortion has been linked to increased rates of substance abuse, especially amongRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay804 Words   |  4 Pagesfamily with someone. Often times accidents happen in which people didn’t plan for, and can lead to many financial problems or neglect of one’s child because the parents weren’t prepared to be parents. This is why there should be the option of abortion. Abortion needs to be an option for everyone because it helps from long lasting mental states, infection, economical problems, and or having conceived from a non consensual circumstance. Pregnancy is a hard and unforgiving to the woman’s body. In factRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion954 Words   |  4 Pagesand nations who destroy life by abortion and euthanasia are the poorest. I do not say legal or illegal, but I think that no human hand should be raised to kill life, since life is God’s life in us, even in an unborn child.† Do you know what abortion really is? Abortion is the ending of pregnancy by removing a fetus or embryo before it can survive outside the uterus. Abortion seems to be more common in today’s society. Numerous amounts of individuals support abortion, and do not realize how it affectsRead MoreAbortion Persuasive Essay736 Words   |  3 Pagesfavor of abortion rights. The decision was 7-2, it stated that it showed a â€Å"right of privacy.†Abortions have been performed for thousands of years all around the world, even though many women died from it. Women nowadays have a choice of whether they want to get an abortion. Abortions do come with risk, one of them being death, but women should still have a right and say what they want to do with pregnancy and not be judged by others for doing so. Today the debate across the world is if abortion shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion1321 Words   |  6 Pagessomeone who may be suicidal or who is suicidal himself/herself. As for taking away fetus’ lives, the damage that abortion makes on life can be proven with the statistics. According to Casey, â€Å"over the past 44 years, one-sixth (60,000,000) of the American population has been killed by elective abortion. Twenty-five percent of African-Americans are killed in the womb America,† (Should Abortion Be Legal n.p.). The figure 60,000,000 is a depressing number considering that these children could have been futureRead MorePersuasive Essay On Abortion723 Words   |  3 Pagescontraception I want to discuss is sterilization. For an idea that is so broadly accepted in private, contraception certainly generates a lot of opposition when discussed in public. Some people think when we talk about contraception that it’s code for abortion. It’s obviously not the same thing. Let’s be honest, people are just uncomfortable with the topic because it’s about sex. And sex talk in this country is kept on the hush even though we are sold sex via advertising left and right. Some people worry

Organic vs Conventional Food

Question: This assignment is like an opinion piece about what has affect me as me listen to the issues. I need to identify what I think is the issue or the problem with the approach currently being taken and the state what I think should be done and what I personally can do. Is about 1-2 pages . I really don't have time to do this assignment. Could you help please? Answer: In today's world, people have a lot of choices in foods they consume. Now people's choice is divided between organic food and conventional food. Some feel organic food is healthier while some trust convention foods only. Both varieties of food are now available in the market. Now the issue I think is to decide which food is best for us. An extensive debate exists whether eating organic food is good for health or not. Getting information about both types of food items will help me to get a clear idea. Organic foods are produced and processed without the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. On the other hand, inorganic foods are produces using synthetics like fertilizers to produce finished products. I would like to identify the pros and cons of both food items and then decide which will be a better option for consumers (Paul Rana, 2012). Organic foods are genetically produced to get desired varieties of colorful and shiny fruits and vegetables. This food is devoid of any chemical food additives. This kind of food has fewer pesticides, and it is more nutritious too. Producers need to have special certification to label their food as organic. A few advantage of organic food is that organic farming process reduces pollution, promotes water and soil conservation, and so it is good for the environment (Bommarco et al., 2013). This type of agriculture generates less waste and requires less energy. It is good for consumers too as there are minimum exposure to pesticides and it is more nutritious too. But although many believe organic food is safer for health, still there is a lack of scientific evidence about the fact. I also feel that many people avoid it also because of the high cost. The cost is high due to increased production cost for producing such foods (Janssen Hamm, 2012). Inorganic foods use chemical fertilizers and pesticides, but in this case, also producers can modify it at the genetic level to cross breed crops to produce strains with higher quality. A potential advantage associated with this kind of food is that it is synthetic materials helps to destroy molds toxins and bacteria. Many people also argue that trace amount of pesticides in inorganic food is less harmful than toxins present in organic food. There is also an argument that nutrient in organic food varies, but inorganic food contains a standardized level of nutrients. I think consumers rely on inorganic food because of its low cost and more yields, and it is cost effective (Bauer et al., 2013). So after analyzing the difference between both kinds of food, I can conclude that organic food is a better option if cost is not the factor for consumers. The inorganic food though reliable has a lot of risks involved. This is because chemical fertilizers in inorganic foods may have long-term harmful effects. It also causes damage to land as it makes the land non-fertile. So from consumers as well as producer perspectives, inorganic food is not safe. So, one should try to move to organic food for consumption as they are more nutritious too. Reference Bauer, H. H., Heinrich, D., Schfer, D. B. (2013). The effects of organic labels on global, local, and private brands: More hype than substance?.Journal of Business Research,66(8), 1035-1043. Bommarco, R., Kleijn, D., Potts, S. G. (2013). Ecological intensification: harnessing ecosystem services for food security.Trends in ecology evolution,28(4), 230-238. Janssen, M., Hamm, U. (2012). Product labelling in the market for organic food: Consumer preferences and willingness-to-pay for different organic certification logos.Food Quality and Preference,25(1), 9-22. Paul, J., Rana, J. (2012). Consumer behavior and purchase intention for organic food.Journal of consumer Marketing,29(6), 412-422.

Sybolism Of the Overcoat Essay Example For Students

Sybolism Of the Overcoat Essay Sybolism Of the OvercoatSymbolism- a literary device used frequently to contribute to the complexity of a work. In The Overcoat, by Nikolay Gogol, uses symbolism throughout this entire work. He uses the old dressing gown to represent his old life, and the new overcoat to represent his new life. The symbols affect the plot and the characters. The old dressing gown represents his old life. It is plain as is Akaky Akakievich. He never does anything even halfway exciting. Most of the time he sits around copying things to practice for his job, which is by coincidence being a copier. The old coat is boring and so is Akaky Akakievich. His agenda is normally get up and go to work and then come back home and go to bed. The old coat is about to fall apart as is Akaky Akakievich. However, he is about to fall apart mentally the coat is falling apart physically. Akaky Akakievich is going to fall apart mentally due to the extreme amounts of teasing he endures at work from all of his colleagues. We will write a custom essay on Sybolism Of the Overcoat specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The new overcoat represents his new life. This new coat is shiny and polished up and makes people respond to Akaky Akakievich now. The way people respond to him is a warmer more comfortable way. Just as the coat is too him, warm and comfortable. Akakys promotion may have to do with the fact that his new overcoat cost a lot of money and a more important position is cause for a more respectful look. The new overcoat may have been foreshadowing for him getting the new promotion. A loser like Akaky Akakievich with such a nice overcoat sounds a little bit fishy. This may have implied that he was going to be moving up in the world, which eventually did happen. The symbols affect the plot and some of the characters of this story. Plot is affected because at the beginning of the story it is about a boring, unpopular, lump of unattractiveness. This plot then quickly shifts to a story about a well-respected and fun loving man. This is a complete transformation of themes in a matter of pages. The two characters that are affected the most by symbolism are Petrovich and Akaky Akakievich. Petrovich, the cloth man who make Akaky Akakievichs new overcoat shows much of the strongest symbolism in this particular story. As Akaky Akakievich walks up the stairs to Petrovichs home he sees sewage and other grotesque things that leave him wondering who would appear at the door. When he is invited in Petrovich is sitting at his work table drunk as a skunk yelling at his needle to work. This symbolizes that Petrovich my not be the greatest person for Akaky Akakievich to discuss the making of his new overcoat to however, he goes on. Akaky Akakievich, being the main character, is probably affected the most out of the two. The symbols make him a much more exciting character. We as readers are left to guess what is going to happen next in Akaky Akakievichs life. Whether he is going to get married or murdered is not known till the very last paragraph. Symbolism is apparent throughout all of The Overcoat. The old dressing gown represents his old life. The new overcoat represents his new life, and the symbols affect the plot and characters. Symbolism- a literary device used frequently to contribute to the complexity of a work.

A Detail Study of the Role of Options, Futures and Forward Contracts In Market Risk Management (MRM) The WritePass Journal

A Detail Study of the Role of Options, Futures and Forward Contracts In Market Risk Management (MRM) Abstract: A Detail Study of the Role of Options, Futures and Forward Contracts In Market Risk Management (MRM) Abstract:Objectives:Introduction:Literature Review:Data and Methodology: REFERENCESBIBLIOGRAPHYRelated Abstract: Market Risk management includes managing different types of risks like commodity price risks, interest rate fluctuations risks and currency risks. The research aims at a thorough study of the market risk management though the identification of the factors of these risks, the critical study of Value at Risk (VAR) and other models that are used to measure them. The risk control methods would be specified to the use of futures, options and forwards contracts in doing so. It also aims at critically evaluating the roles played by these and their effective management. Objectives: The primary objective of the research is to study the role played by Financial Derivatives namely forward contracts, futures and options in managing market risks. It also aims at having a clear understanding of the methods or risk measurement, analysis and management techniques. Thereby aims to understand the intricacies of derivative markets. Introduction: Basel Committee that was formed in 1974 laid the regulatory framework for Financial Risk Management. (McNeil, A.J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. 2005). Basel II (2001) defines Financial Risk Management to be formed of 4 steps:   â€Å"identification of risks into market, credit, operational and other risks, assessment of risks using data and risk model, monitoring and reporting of risk assessments on a timely basis and controlling these identified risks by senior management.†(Alexander, C. 2005). It determines the probability of a negative event taking place and its effects on the entity. Once identified risk can be treated in following manners: Eliminated altogether by simple business practices. These are the risks that are detrimental to the business entity. Transferred to other participants. Actively managed at firm level. Market Risk constitutes of commodity risk, interest risk and currency risks. Commodity price risk includes the potential change in the price of a commodity. The rising or falling commodity prices affect the producers, traders and the end-users of the various commodities. Moreover if they are traded in foreign currency, there arises the risk of currency exchange rate. These are normally hedged by offering forward or future contracts at fixed rates. This is especially important for commodities like oil, natural gas, gold, electricity etc whose prices are highly volatile in nature. However the hedging doesn’t always ensure profits. (Berk, J and Demarzo, P. 2010). Interest Risk  relates to change in interest rates of bonds, stocks or loans. A rising rate of interest would effectively reduce the price of a bond. Increased interest rates result in increasing the borrowing costs of the firm and thereby reduce its profitability. It is hedged by swaps or by investing in short term securities. Currency risksa  rise from the exceedingly volatile exchange rates between the currencies of different countries. For e.g. Airbus, an aircraft manufacturing company based in France requires oil for its production. Oil being traded in US dollars and the company doing trading in Euros, has a foreign exchange risk. It would be therefore beneficial for Airbus to enter a forward contract with its oil suppliers. Options are another way of hedging against currency risks. They facilitate the holder to exchange currency at a fixed pre-determined exchange rate. If the option rate is higher than the exchange rate, the company will not exercise the option. However if the rate increases the company would benefit by exercising the option. (Berk, J and Demarzo, P. 2010). The above risks basically depend on the time value of assets. Moreover with the increased level of multinational functioning of business entities and the highly volatile nature of markets, risk management has now become a mandatory part of running the business. It therefore becomes important to analyze the various methods of assessing risks, measuring them and the preventive measures implemented against them. Also the hedging techniques stated above do not always ensure profits. The research would thereby include a detail study of the effectiveness of the methods implemented. It would also study the hazards of the failures of the implemented methods. Market risks are measured by Value at Risk (VaR) model. This model is used extensively to measure market risks. It aggregates the portfolio market risks in a single number. However authors McNeil, Frey and Embrechts (2005) have debated over the model stating that it doesn’t take into account the costs of liquidation. It takes into account historical data and a series of assumptions. Therefore its ability to measure future risks is highly disputable. The research would thereby include the study of VaR and other relative models used to measure market risks. Literature Review: Forward contracts, Futures and Options are called the Financial Derivatives and are used largely to reduce market risks. Walsh David (1995) explains that if two securities have same payoffs in future, they must have same price today. Thus the value of a derivative moves in the same way as that of underlying asset. This is called arbitrage. Hedging of risks is nothing but the holder of an asset has two positions in opposite directions. One is of the derivative and other of the under-lying asset respectively. As such if the value if the asset decreases then value of the derivative will also decrease. But the change in value is off-set by the opposite positions to each other. Thus risk is reduced. This is called hedging. Long Hedge refers when an investor anticipates increase in market price and therefore buys future contracts. Short Hedge is when an investor already has a futures contract and expects the value of asset to fall and therefore sells it beforehand. (Dubofsky, D and Miller, T. Jr. 2003). Forward Contracts These involve buying or selling specific asset at a specific price at a specified time. They are Over the Counter (OTC) Derivatives. These are used for locking-in the price and require no cash transfer in the beginning, thereby involve credit risks. They are typically used to hedge the exchange rate risks. (Claessens, S. 1993). Futures These are more standardized than the Forward contracts. They are traded at Foreign Exchanges. The standardized contract specifying the asset, price and delivery time is either bought or sold through broker. The delivery price depends on market and determined by the exchange. Initial margin amount is required and profit-loss calculations are done daily. Hence involve margin calls. Credit risk involved is minimum but these cannot be tailored to individual demands. (Claessens, S. 1993). These exist typically for commodities, interest rate risks, currencies etc. (Walsh, D., 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fig.2: Hedging through Futures. (Walsh, D. 1995). Options The holder can buy from or sell to, the asset at a strike rate at a future maturity date. However the holder of the option has no moral obligation to do so. The cost of buying the option involves a premium which is to be paid up front. The option that enables the holder to buy an asset is called Call option while in Put option the holder is able to sell the asset. (Claessens, S. 1993). These can be bought Over the Counter (OTC) at a bank or can be exchange traded options. Walsh David (1995) further explains that options have a non-linear relation with payoff. Its payoff increases with the price of the asset if it is in-the-money and has a constant payoff which is the option premium if it is out-of-the-money. While futures and forward contracts have a linear relation with the payoffs in both, profit as well as loss. Therefore options might be preferred over futures and forwards for hedging. The research would include the detailed characteristics, similarities and differences in futures, forward contracts and options, along with the concept of delta hedging in which perfect hedging is created by use of options. Data and Methodology: The Research would be Qualitative in nature, based on the primary data available though online journals and books. The popularity of the derivatives and their exponential growth has favoured the availability of many articles on this topic and would thereby form the basis of research. It might include interviews of professionals having extensive research or expertise in this area. REFERENCES Alexander, C. (2005). The Present and Future of Financial Risk Management, Journal of Financial Econometrics, 3 (1), pp. 3-25. JSTOR (Online). Available at http://jfec.oxfordjournals.org/ (accessed: 8 March, 2011). Berk, J. and Demarzo, P. (2010) Corporate Finance. 2ndedition. Global edition: Pearson. Claessens, S (1993) World Bank Technical Paper no 235.Washington DC: The World Bank. Dubofsky, D and Miller, T. Jr. (2003) Derivatives: Valuation and Risk Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2005) Quantitative Risk Management. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. Walsh, David.   (1995). Risk management using derivative securities.  Managerial Finance,  21(1),  pp. 43. ABI/INFORM Global (Online).  Available at http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=6did=4708471SrchMode=2sid=3Fmt=6VInst=PRODVType=PQDRQT=309VName=PQDTS=1301258415clientId=18060 (accessed: March 27, 2011). BIBLIOGRAPHY Hinkelmann, C  Ã‚  Swidler, S.  (2004). Using futures contracts to hedge macroeconomic risk in the public sector, Derivatives Use, Trading Regulation.  10(1),  pp. 54-69. ABI/INFORM Global (Online) available at .( accessed: 21March, 2011).

Northern Leopard Frog Facts

Northern Leopard Frog Facts The song of the northern leopard frog (Lithobates pipiens or Rana pipiens) is a sure sign of spring in North America. While the northern leopard frog is one of the most abundant and widespread frogs within its region, its population has declined so significantly that its no longer found within parts of its range. Fast Facts: Northern Leopard Frog Scientific Name: Lithobates pipiens or Rana pipiensCommon Names: Northern leopard frog, meadow frog, grass frogBasic Animal Group: AmphibianSize: 3-5 inchesWeight: 0.5-2.8 ouncesLifespan: 2-4 yearsDiet: OmnivorousHabitat: United States and CanadaPopulation: Hundreds of thousands or millionsConservation Status: Least Concern Description The northern leopard frog gets its name from the greenish-brown irregular spots on its back and legs. Most of the frogs are green or brown with spots and pearly while undersides. However, there are other color morphs. Frogs with the burnsi color morph lack spots or only have them on their legs. Albino northern leopard frogs also occur. The northern leopard frog is a medium to large frog. Adults range from 3 to 5 inches in length and weigh between one half and 2.8 ounces. Mature females are larger than males. Some morphs of the northern leopard frog lack spots. R. Andrew Odum / Getty Images Habitat and Distribution Northern leopard frogs live near marshes, lakes, streams, and ponds from southern Canada through the northern United States and south into New Mexico and Arizona in the West and Kentucky in the East. In the summer, the frogs often venture further from the water and may be found in meadows, fields, and pastures. The southern leopard frog (Lithobates sphenocephala) occupies the southeastern United States and is similar in appearance to the northern leopard frog except that its head is more pointed and its spots tend to be smaller. Diet and Behavior Tadpoles eat algae and rotting vegetable matter, but adult frogs are opportunistic predators that eat anything that will fit within their mouths. The northern leopard frog sits and waits for prey to come near. Once the target is within range, the frog leaps and snatches it up with its long, sticky tongue. Common prey includes small mollusks (snails and slugs), worms, insects (e.g., ants, beetles, crickets, leafhoppers), and other vertebrates (small birds, snakes, and smaller frogs). The frogs do not produce offensive or toxic skin secretions, so they are preyed upon by numerous species. These include raccoons, snakes, birds, foxes, humans, and other frogs. Reproduction and Offspring Northern leopard frogs breed in the spring from March to June. Males make a snore-like, rumbling call to attract females. Once the female selects a male, the pair mates once. After mating, the female lays up to 6500 eggs in the water. The eggs are gelatinous and round with darker centers. The eggs hatch into tadpoles that are pale brown with black spots. The rate of hatching and development depends on temperature and other conditions, but development from egg to adult typically takes between 70 and 110 days. In this time, the tadpoles gain size, develop lungs, grow legs, and eventually lose their tails. Conservation Status The IUCN classifies the northern leopard frogs conservation status as least concern. Researchers estimate hundreds of thousand or millions of the frogs live in North America. However, the population has been rapidly declining since the early 1970s, especially in the Rocky Mountains. Laboratory research suggests a possible explanation for regional decline relates to the effect of higher-than-normal temperatures on crowding and bacterial infection. Other threats include habitat loss, competition and predation by introduced species (especially bullfrogs), hormonal effects of agricultural chemicals (e.g., atrazine), hunting, trapping for research and the pet trade, pollution, severe weather, and climate change. Northern Leopard Frogs and Humans Northern leopard frogs are widely kept in captivity for science education, medical research, and as pets. Educators use the frog for dissection, to teach about how muscles are used for different modes of locomotion (swimming and jumping), and to study biomechanics. The sartorius muscle of the frog remains alive in vitro for several hours, allowing experimentation on muscle and neuron physiology. The frog produces a type of enzyme called ribonucleases that are used to treat cancer, including brain tumors, lung tumors, and pleural mesothelioma. Northern leopard frogs are popular pets because they prefer temperatures that are comfortable to humans and eat readily available prey. Sources Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. (1991).  A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians: Eastern and Central North America (3rd Ed.).  Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, Massachusetts.Hammerson, G.; Solà ­s, F.; Ibà ±ez, R.; Jaramillo, C.; Fuenmayor, Q. (2004). Lithobates pipiens. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2004: e.T58695A11814172. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T58695A11814172.enHillis, David M.; Frost, John S.; Wright, David A. (1983). Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Rana pipiens Complex: A Biochemical Evaluation. Systematic Zoology. 32 (2): 132–43. doi:10.1093/sysbio/32.2.132

Position Paper on Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Research

Position on Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals - Research Paper Example In analyzing the role of technology in a criminal or civil case, this paper analyzes the case of Daubert vs. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, giving out the facts of the case, and taking a position on whether to admit or discard forensic evidence in a civil or criminal case (Jenkins and Schuller, 2007). The opinion of this paper is that it is important to admit forensic evidence in a criminal or civil trial. However, there must be guidelines that the court must use in identifying the type of forensic evidence to use. For instance, the evidence under consideration must satisfy scientific organization that it is reliable and accurate. To do this, the process of collecting the evidence must pass the various tests that scientific organizations have put in place for purposes of determining the relevance, and reliability of a forensic evidence. This is a position that the courts took in the case involving Frye vs. United States (1923). In this case, the court gave a ruling that scientific evid ence is admissible in a trial court on if it gains acceptance from the scientific field that the evidence comes from (Dobbin, Gotoski, Eyre, Dahir, Merlina, and Richardson, 2007). However, in 1975 the Federal Rules of Evidence made trial judges to disregard the Frye laws while determining whether to allow the use of forensic evidence in a civil or criminal case. ... After doing this, this paper takes a position on whether to use forensic evidence in a criminal trial. Facts of the case: In this case, the minors who are plaintiff suffered from deformities after their mothers took drugs that Dow Merrel Pharmaceuticals manufactured. The drug in question was Bendectin. The experts of the plaintiff gave evidence in the court arguing that the drugs of the company indeed caused the reduction in the limbs of the minors, resulting to the deformities that they had (Dobbin et al, 2007). The evidence that Daubert and other minors brought before the courts was based on the studies of the effects of the drugs in animals. However, their methods of study did not gain any acceptance within the relevant scientific field of study. On the other hand, Dow Merrel Company managed to prove to the court that there isn’t any scientific study that links Bendectin to birth deformities. The United States Federal Drug Authority also agrees with the notion that the drug under consideration does not cause any side effects on minors or pregnant women. On this basis therefore, the authority approves the use of the drug by expectant women (Lyle, 2012). Decision of the Court: The court made a ruling that the testimony given by the plaintiff’s experts was not admissible as evidence before the court. The court was of the opinion that it is difficult for the judges to identify what is scientific theory of fact when it comes to a testimony that an expert presents before a trial court. On this basis therefore, the court relied on Federal Rules of Evidence number 702 to determine whether to admit a testimony from an expert or not. These principles under rule 702 are (Levett and Kovera, 2008); The

V for Vendetta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

V for Vendetta - Essay Example However, Creedy kills Sutler and attempts to kill V through shooting him multiple times. Creedy does this to seize power and control though he is killed by V on the encounter. Through Evey, the girl V saves whom happens to helped him in the process, the Parliament and Big Ben are devastated through sending a train full of explosives. Even though V is killed in the event of struggling against the oppressive totalitarian government, he is efficacious in making the citizens of Britain realize that they need to stand up for their own voices and hold their own freedom in their own country. Social awareness and collective power are generated in the process. Even though the mysterious vigilant behind the masked is killed, he is able to bring down the government who should be listening and serving the voices of its people instead of repressively controlling the people. Analysis: Even though the film V for Vendetta is just short, it is able to clearly illustrate what a government structure sh ould be is and what functions must it play. A government must listen to its people and not just put total control on them. A government must be a democratic one and not a totalitarian one. By totalitarianism, Conquest defines it as a political system in which the state holds full control and goes all out on its regulation of both the public and private aspects of life if at all possible (74). The movie is able to exemplify not just what a totalitarian system means but also capable of showing the fears of the people having a totalitarian government. The fascist government of that sort affects all the aspects of the lives of the British populace. The power of such totalitarian ruling state is undeniably strong enough to limit people in their rights to... Even though the film V for Vendetta is just short, it is able to clearly illustrate what a government structure should be is and what functions must it play. A government must listen to its people and not just put total control on them. A government must be a democratic one and not a totalitarian one. By totalitarianism, Conquest defines it as a political system in which the state holds full control and goes all out on its regulation of both the public and private aspects of life if at all possible. The movie is able to exemplify not just what a totalitarian system means but also capable of showing the fears of the people having a totalitarian government. The fascist government of that sort affects all the aspects of the lives of the British populace. The power of such totalitarian ruling state is undeniably strong enough to limit people in their rights to freedom of speech, freedom of being their own selves and identity, and even their rights to privacy. No public opinion can be exp ressed in this kind of government because of the fear to get terminated. The government even blinds the people of knowing the truth and strongly influences them over how to deal and perceive the socio – economic and political issues. The movie also exhibits how the media can function as a tool as of the government to influence, control and maintain power. As part of the totalitarian rule, the regime does all this kind of tactics to hold the political power. Also, even the widespread of terror is made by Sutler’s administration to maintain its control.

Comparing the Young and the Old Essay Example for Free

Comparing the Young and the Old Essay We live longer and experience more in life we would become wise to the ways of the world. The funny thing is, this does not always happen. If you listen to the elderly many do become wise but many others seem to get stuck in their past, but yet they think they are wise. They can not seem to see the world changing around them. A firsthand example of this for me is my Grandparents. When we talk about money, specifically the cost of buying a new car they cannot fathom the cost of buying a new car. I remind them of all the safety features that cars now have but they still resist he idea of replacing their 1985 Buick because of the cost associated with a newer and safer car. On the other hand young adults readily accept changes in their world. Now that we are living in the Information Age an enormous amount of information is readily available at our fingertips. Todays younger generation knows quite bit more than their grandparents knew at the same age because of this. The problem is that too many of us will allow ourselves to get stuck in our youth as well. The extreme of a so-called typical young adult would be one who at 18 thinks they already know verything they need to in life. No one, especially an older person can tell them anything about life Another evident contrast between the elderly and the young is their outlook on life. Young adults are more optimistic about the future, whereas their counterparts are more pessimistic. An example might be that you will hear from the majority of young adults, l want to make a lot of money and retire early, but an older adult might say, Money is not everything; as long as you stay healthy you will be happy. Another phrase that I hear quite a bit is to enjoy my youth and to see the world efore I get old. My Grandmother still tells me that to this day. Her belief is that once you reach a certain age when the aches and pains of aging begin you will lose your desire to be more active. Older people seem to get set in their ways and typically resist change. They get comfortable with a certain patter n in their lives and do not like this pattern disturbed. They have no tolerance for anything new. My Grandparents are a good example of how change is very difficult. They have lived in their neighborhood for over forty years and its is not safe any more. They refuse to even think about moving to a retirement community. When I ask either of my Grandparents why they wont move they blame each other for not wanting to move. Young adults on the other hand are much more adaptable to change. Most enjoy spontaneity and look forward to new experiences. What it all comes down to is time, experience and most of all the willingness of old and young alike to learn and share with each other. I know I can learn much from my elders, I hope they see that they can learn much from me.

Isaac Asimovs Foundation - Psychohistory :: Isaac Asimov Foundation

Foundation   Psychohistory Psychohistory is the framework upon which Isaac Asimov's Foundation rests. It provides for diverse episodes about a variety of characters over a period 400 years, and those episodes feature a number of strong-minded individuals seeking solutions to a series of problems as they arise (Gunn 42). In the novel, these problems have all been fore-ordained long ago by Hari Seldon's science of psychohistory. Psychohistory is defined by Asimov as a "'profound statistical science' that deals with the reactions of human conglomerates to fixed social and economic stimuli" (Touponce 76). In short, this science predicts the future by treating humanity as one massive series of mathematical equations. However, the one drawback of psychohistory is that this science does not account for individual, random variables. Hari Seldon uses the science of psychohistory to predict the fall of the massive Galactic Empire. By using complex mathematical equations, Seldon is able to mathematically prove that the downfall of the Galactic Empire is eminent. In addition, psychohistory also adds a sense of determination and predestination to Foundation. The main characters in each book of the novel are aware that when a Seldon crisis occurs, they will manage to make the correct decisions leading to the inevitable turnout of the crisis. Seldon's prophesies "are revealed only after the fact, and even the solutions that he or others say are obvious are obvious only in retrospect, as in all good histories" (Gunn 41). This is first shown in "The Psychohistorians" when Salvor Hardin makes the decision that he must take over the management of the Foundation. This decision is logical in retrospect, but it causes Hardin much agonizing over the probable results of his actions before he does them. The dilemma experienced by Asimov's characters is how to achieve the predetermined outcome concocted by Seldon. The hero of the first Foundation, Salvor Hardin, decides to wait until the crisis limits his choices to only one course of action. He argues: ...the future isn't nebulous. It's been calculated out by Seldon and charted. Each successive crisis in our history is mapped out and each depends in a measure on the successful conclusion of the ones previous...At each crisis our freedom of actions would become circumscribed to the point where only one course of action was possible...As long as more than one course of action is possible, the crisis has not been reached.

Looking At A Extract From Young Goodman Brown English Literature Essay

Hawthorne uses realistic ocular imagination and symbolism, through color alterations of visible radiation and darkness, to demo contrast of the â€Å" pious and iniquitous † ( 26 ) . In the beginning, it is at twilight that Brown sets off into the wood, and the eventide will gets darker.This symbolizes the prefiguration of the visible radiation of faith easy melting off from Brown as he wanders off further into the forest. In bend ; stand foring the solitariness of a life without religion, which can be seen when Brown goes through desperation towards the terminal of the narrative. In contrast, the heavenly presence of the metonymy â€Å" bluish arch, the stars lighten uping in it † and the â€Å" deep arch of the celestial sphere † ( 26 ) denotes a sense of hope and the strong being of religion. This is self-contradictory to the Puritan belief that the wood is a â€Å" pagan wilderness † ( 26 ) , which indicate that it is irreligious and wild, where no â⠂¬Å" church had of all time been gathered nor lone Christian prayed † ( 26 ) . This reassures Brown to non lose hope. However, merely as Brown manages to hold reassurance in religion, a â€Å" black mass of cloud † ( 26 ) appears overhead. This brings about the downward alteration of the one time hopeful fable, where the presence of hope is now overshadowed by somberness, boding Brown`s province of depression subsequently on. Another contrast is made utilizing the symbolism of the â€Å" ruddy visible radiation † ( 27 ) , â€Å" lurid blazing against the sky † ( 27 ) and â€Å" four blaze pines, their tops aflame † ( 27 ) to exemplify the enchantresss Sabbath, which in contrast to the Godliness of the â€Å" bluish arch † ( 26 ) , is to tag the presence of immorality. These comparings illustrate efficaciously the alteration from good to evil. The usage of nonliteral linguistic communication helps to stress a sinister atmosphere created by Hawthorne. The initial rhyme â€Å" whispering without a air current † ( 26 ) and the onomatopoeia â€Å" mutter † ( 26 ) indicates a stalking property to the wood, proposing that there is evil skulking about. It can besides be seen as a foreshadow to the mutter of the chants Brown hears subsequently at the enchantresss Sabbath. â€Å" Nothing can be done until I get on the land † ( 26 ) implies that possibly the Minister, together with the Deacon is winging, as Brown hears their voices â€Å" speaking so queerly in the empty air † ( 26 ) but â€Å" the travelers nor their steeds were seeable † ( 25 ) . This encapsulates the impression of the â€Å" unobserved † ( 21 ) , which causes the reader to doubt whether it is existent or an extension of Brown`s phantasy. Hawthorne`s usage of sarcasm, together with controlled ambiguity, exhaustively but dexterously permeates the narrative ( Novelguide ) . The obvious would be the beginning of the infusion, where Brown overhears the conversation between the Deacon and the Minister. As these characters are figures of higher governments in the church, it is dry as the reader, together with Brown, expects these characters to exudate scrupulousness. Alternatively, they would â€Å" instead lose an ordination-dinner † ( 26 ) and partake in â€Å" devilry † ( 26 ) . They are so, on par in position to evildoers, who are shunned in the Puritan community. This comes after Brown`s foundational belief in God is undercut when he finds out his Catechism instructor, Goody Close, is friends with the Devil. Brown`s belief in Faith is dry as he uses his married woman as a symbolic averment to his belief. â€Å" And Faith below † ( 26 ) shows that Brown sees his married woman as an incarnation of being a â€Å" pious † ( 26 ) individual. Ironically, it is Faith who later causes Brown`s downward spiral to depression, when he sees Faith`s pink thread drifting down from the â€Å" black mass † ( 26 ) . Distinctly, it shows that wickedness is unconditioned in worlds and that even those who are deemed to be â€Å" pious † ( 26 ) are caught within its appreciation. Hence, the win-over of immorality ( Howard 1 ) . Hawthorne coins â€Å" Communion † ( 26 ) in sarcasm. When defined, it is sharing the same spiritual religion ( Dictionary.com ) . Alternatively of a spiritual matter with God, Hawthorne uses has the Deacon use the term in relation to â€Å" deviltry † ( 26 ) . In utilizing the term â€Å" communion-table † ( 26 ) , the storyteller relates Brown`s treachery to when Jesus reveals the prognostication of his treachery ( Wikipedia ) . The footings â€Å" met † and â€Å" seen † shows the manner Brown distances and does non partake in any evil activities. However, it is dry as Brown subsequently succumbs to evil and partakes in it. The usage of a 3rd individual limited narrative ( SIM SU3-19 ) leaves the reader in equivocal purgatory, inquiring how accurate the point of position is, in showing whether what Brown sees is existent or is his semblance. Hawthorne interweaves the narrator`s ideas together with that of Brown ‘s. The usage of the withdrawal â€Å" Once, the hearer † ( 26 ) takes on the sympathetic tone of the storyteller to Brown`s predicament, in his inability to now separate the â€Å" pious and iniquitous † ( 26 ) . This causes the reader to be drawn along into the darkness that merely Brown is good, while giving a negative examination of the remainder of Salem. In bend ; â€Å" Night † ( 26 ) is so seen as a ruling symbol of the significance refering to experiencing stray and contemplating solitariness. Perceived as the merely good character, it is dry that Brown`s concluding minutes with â€Å" his deceasing hr † ( 30 ) be full of somberness. The usage of similes â€Å" like † ( 26 ) , â€Å" as if † ( 26 ) and the word â€Å" possibly † ( 26 ) creates ambiguity for the reader as we do non cognize if this is Brown`s effort to associate the unknown to â€Å" familiar tones † ( 26 ) to convey some visible radiation to the enveloped darkness he is sing. A Hawthorne manages to pull the reader into Brown`s phantasy by allowing the familiar elements of the bloodcurdling, through the usage of sarcasm and ocular imagination. Beneath this infusion, which on the surface is simply about a man`s journey through the wood, is an implicit in experience of horror and unhappiness. Hawthorne wavers Brown`s position of his Puritan community, foregrounding the thought that of the perennial battle between good and evil ( SIM SU3-21 ) . Word Count: [ 986 ]

Allusion in Romeo and Juliet

Shakespeare uses allusion in the play Romeo and Juliet to reinforce the themes of young love and youth being impetuous. Throughout the play Shakespeare uses allusion to reinforce these themes by putting in myths that have tragic ends much like the end of the play. One myth that Shakespeare uses in the play many times is Cupid and Psyche. Cupid is the Roman god of love. The myth of Cupid is that there was a king that had three daughters and each of them was beautiful but not as much of the youngest Psyche.She was so beautiful that she left the altars of Venus, Cupid’s mother, deserted. Venus then sent out Cupid to punish Psyche for distracting all the men from her and make her fall in love with a hideous man. Instead, when Cupid sees Psyche he shoots himself with the arrow and falls in love with her. Psyche is never allowed to see Cupid but they marry. One day her sisters told Psyche that Cupid was actually a serpent and tells her to sneak a look. When she does this she realize s that Cupid is actually beautiful and Cupid leaves and says he will never see her again.After this Psyche begs for Venus to let her see Cupid again and Venus makes her do almost impossible tasks but succeeds them. After this Cupid asks Zeus to give her immortality so she will not distract mortal men from Venus. The mythical reference of Cupid and psyche refers to love at first sight between Romeo and Juliet. Cupid has the power to make anyone hit with his arrow to love the next person they see. Romeo and Juliet feel that they were both pierced by Cupid’s arrow when they met. This allusion refers to the theme, love at first sight.This theme is seen in the book as a very powerful theme because over the course of a week Romeo and Juliet create an immense love for each other that cannot be matched. That is how this allusion drives the theme of the play. Another myth that Shakespeare uses in the play is that of Phoebus and Phaeton. The myth of Phoebus and Phaeton is that a young boy who was the son of Phoebus thought he could do anything and was very impatient. One day the children at his school made fun of him and told him he couldn’t do everything.He went home to his mother and asked if he could do everything and she said yes because he was the son of the sun god Phoebus. She then told Phaeton to go ask Phoebus if he could do everything. He went to him and asked if he could do everything. Phoebus then promised him to let him do anything he wanted to try. Phaeton said he wanted to drive the chariot of the sun for one day. Phoebus then tries to get Phaeton to try something else but he refuses. He then goes on to say he will drive the chariot.Immediately after getting into the chariot Phaeton loses control of the horses because they knew it was not their master and did what they pleased. After a while of the horses wreaking havoc on the earth, Zeus struck down Phaeton and killed him and the horses immediately stopped. The allusion to Phaeton and Phoeb us helps drive the theme that youth is impetuous. The reason why this allusion supports one of the themes of the book is because in the play Romeo and Juliet both never thought about what they were about to go through with and how it might affect their lives.In the myth Phaeton never realizes that his father may be right in not letting him ride the chariot because it is extremely dangerous to someone with no experience. All of the characters in the story that were impetuous had early demises because of there impulsivity and having no regard of the repercussions of what may happen to them. Impetuousness also led to the demise of Tybalt and Mercutio in the play by them not thinking of the dangers if they fought. Those are the reasons why the allusion drives the theme of the play.Another allusion that Shakespeare uses in the play is the myth of Echo and Narcissus. The myth of Echo is that she is a nymph who loves to talk and is always talking and always has to get the last word in. One day Hera casts a spell on her so that she can only get the last word and says exactly what the person said and can never be the first. In one myth Echo meets Narcissus whom she falls in love with at first sight. Narcissus has a spell on him in which he cannot love anyone but himself. Echo tries to make contact with him but only annoys him because she repeats everything he says.When one of the nymphs prays to the avenging goddess to let Narcissus feel what it’s like to have affection but not have it returned. When he goes to drink water he sees his reflection and never leaves it because it is too beautiful. After gazing at it for a long time he dies. After he dies Echo goes into a cave until she dies. The allusion to Echo and Narcissus drive the theme of love at first sight. The reason why that theme is supported by the myth is because as soon as Echo saw Narcissus she loved him. If Narcissus wasn’t so in love with himself he may have loved her back.But in the end Echo and Narcissus both died for a love that wouldn’t happen and was cursed from the start. In Romeo and Juliet this is seen because Romeo and Juliet both loved each other but there love was forsaken because of there different families and flaws in there personalities. Juliet also says that if Romeo does not want to have her love then she will go into a cave and die there as Echo did. Another allusion that Shakespeare uses in the play is the one of Aurora, the goddess of dawn. The myth of Aurora is that she falls in love with the son of the king of Troy.She asks Zeus to grant him physical immortality in which he would live forever but he would still age. After he had lived far passed that of a normal mortal should have he lost the power to use his limbs. After he became extremely weak Aurora turned him into a grasshopper. The myth of Aurora helps drive the theme of love at first sight because she fell in love with Tithonus and always loved him even when he was a grasshopper and a n old man. In the play Romeo did not get out of bed because Rosaline had rejected him and he didn’t want to leave his room and he tried to create night in the daytime because he was depressed.After he met Juliet Romeo became extremely happy and this shows the theme of youth being impetuous also because he got over Rosaline so quickly. That is how the allusion helps drive the themes from the book. Once last allusion that Shakespeare in the play is the myth of Hermes. The myth of Hermes is about a messenger who was born by Jupiter and a mortal woman. He goes on to steal cattle from the sun god Apollo very sneakily. Apollo tells Zeus about this and then Hermes has to give them back. Apollo later goes on to forgive him and Hermes makes a lyre for him.After he grows up he is assigned to lead dead souls into the underworld. He was also promoted to watch Apollo’s herds when he was younger. This allusion supports the theme youth is impetuous because in the play to show that Ro meo wants to get the message to Juliet fast that he wants her love. Hermes the winged messenger could do it and get the message to Juliet faster than anyone. Romeo also uses it as a way to show that Hermes is delivering a message to him from heaven that he should be with Juliet. Those are the allusions that help drive the theme of the play.

An Introduction to Vanitas Paintings

An Introduction to Vanitas Paintings A vanitas painting is a particular style of still life that was immensely popular in the Netherlands beginning in the 17th century. The style often includes with worldly objects such as books and wine and you will find quite a few skulls on the still life table. Its intent is to remind viewers of their own mortality and the futility of worldly pursuits. Vanitas Reminds Us of Vanities The word  vanitas  is Latin for vanity and that is the idea behind a vanitas painting. They were created to remind us that our vanity or material possessions and pursuits do not preclude us from death, which is inevitable. The phrase comes to us courtesy of a biblical passage in Ecclesiastes. In it, the Hebrew word hevel was incorrectly taken to mean vanity of vanities. But for this slight mistranslation, the term would rightfully be known as a vapor painting, signifying a transitory state. The Symbolism of Vanitas Paintings A vanitas painting, while possibly containing lovely objects, always included some reference to mans mortality. Most often, this is a human skull (with or without other bones), but items like  burning candles, soap bubbles and decaying flowers may be used for this purpose as well. Other objects are placed in the still life to symbolize the various types of worldly pursuits that tempt men. For example, secular knowledge like that found in the arts and sciences may be depicted by books, maps, or instruments. Wealth and power have symbols like  gold, jewelry, and precious trinkets while fabrics, goblets, and pipes might represent earthly pleasures. Beyond the skull to depict impermanence, a vanitas painting may include references to time, such as a watch or hourglass. It may use decaying flowers or rotting food for the purpose as well. In some paintings, the idea of the resurrection is included as well. Among these, you might find sprigs of ivy and laurel or ears of corn. To add to the symbolism, you will find vanitas paintings with the subjects placed in disarray compared to other, very tidy, still life art. This is designed to represent the chaos that materialism can add to a pious life. Vanitas is very similar to another type of still life painting,  known as memento mori. Latin for remember  you must die, this style tended to include only those objects that remind us of death and refrained from using the materialistic symbols. A Religious Reminder Vanitas paintings were  meant not only as works of art, they also to carry an important moral message. They are designed to remind us that the trivial pleasures of life are abruptly and permanently  wiped out by death.   It is doubtful that this genre would have been popular had the Counter-Reformation and Calvinism not propelled it into the limelight. Both movements- one Catholic, the other Protestant- occurred at the same time as vanitas paintings were becoming popular. Like the symbolic art, the two religious efforts emphasized the devaluing of possessions and success in this world. They instead, focused believers on their relationship with God in preparation for the afterlife. The Vanitas Painters The primary period of vanitas paintings lasted from 1550 through around 1650. They began as still lifes painted on the backside of portraits and evolved into featured works of art. The movement was centered around the Dutch city of Leiden, a Protestant stronghold, though it was popular throughout the Netherlands and in parts of France and Spain. In the beginning of the movement, the work was very dark and gloomy. Toward the end of the period, however, it did lighten up a bit. Considered a signature genre in Dutch Baroque art, a number of artists were famous for their vanitas work. These include Dutch painters like David Bailly (1584–1657), Harmen van Steenwyck (1612–1656), and Willem Claesz Heda (1594–1681). Some French painters worked in vanitas as well, the best-known of which was Jean Chardin (1699–1779). Many of these vanitas paintings are considered great works of art today. You can also find a number of modern artists working in this style. Yet, many people wonder at the popularity of vanitas paintings by collectors. After all, doesnt the painting itself become a symbol of vanitas?

9 Secrets Recruiters Dont Want You to Know

9 Secrets Recruiters Dont Want You to Know Recruiters often have information that they do not share with job seekers. While the checklist a recruiter uses to select one candidate over another may vary, there are certain items a recruiter may look for when interviewing a candidate for a job. 1. Stock Cover Letters Don’t WorkUsing a stock cover letter can sink your resume before the recruiter even looks at it. Sure, you think that by using a stock cover letter, it looks professional and the resume is the most important part. However, recruiters have seen every stock cover letter ever printed. They receive huge numbers of them.2. Recruiters Look at Resumes QuicklyWhile you might hope that a recruiter will sit and read through your resume, it is unlikely to happen unless your qualifications and skills are a match for the job. Recruiters usually spend only a few seconds on each resume because they may many to sort through. Being considered for a job depends on whether you are a match for it.3. Jobs Don’t Always Match the AdvertisingA recruiter may not know what the duties of a job entail, and those duties may include more than is written in the advertisement or change over time. If you have experience and training for your job niche, such as in particular health care jobs, you probably fit the general description and might be considered. However, don’t be surprised if extra duties come with that job that weren’t mentioned.4. Generic Resumes  Don’t  WorkCreating a resume that is too general is one problem mentioned by recruiters. Employers are looking for the best match for the available job, and being too general will not work. By tweaking your resume to more closely match a job description, you stand a much better chance of being considered by the recruiter.5.  Your Interviewing Skills Might Need WorkSometimes, an individual gets chosen for that all-important first interview, but isn’t called back. Recruiters say that those individuals may need to work on thei r interviewing skills and might even give small recommendations to respond to questions during the interview process itself. Since potential employees are frequently talked to by the recruiter before going to the interview, paying close attention to the recruiter’s remarks can make an interview go more smoothly.6.  Spamming Them With Emails May Leave a Bad ImpressionOf course you are anxious about whether you are going to hear back from a recruiter and be considered for a job position. However, don’t pester the recruiter, or it can backfire and cost you the interview you wanted. Recruiters are busy people who spend a lot of time on the phone. Overdoing it by emailing and phoning too often can leave a negative impression. Send in your resume, and wait a few days before calling about it.7.  Your Communication Skills Might Need WorkAlthough you are probably not looking for a job as an orator, good verbal communication is important when talking to a recruiter. Keep a p rofessional demeanor when emailing or speaking in person with a recruiter. Leave out slang words and use formal language. A good communicator is more likely to get further along in the interview process.8. Recruiters Won’t Consider You if You Don’t Do Your ResearchRecruiters are less likely to consider you for a position if you haven’t bothered to research the company. Preparing several thoughtful questions about the company or position makes you appear serious about your interest in the job.9. You Should Demand a Reasonable SalaryWhat salary to ask for can be a cause of stress among job applicants. While some salaries are set at a fixed rate by the employer, others can be open to some negotiation if you possess extra skills that would be beneficial to the job. If asked to name a salary, use a range that is within the normal pay for that type of job, training and experience. Having a way to compare the job salary with a range that is normal for that job can keep you in the running.Knowing what a recruiter is looking for and what will get your application dismissed puts you in a better position to land that great job. TheJobNetwork can get you started looking. When you enter your qualifications and the type of job you are seeking, we work around the clock to find jobs that match your description and send those job openings to you via email. You can also do a job search yourself on the site. Sign up for job match alert to get started.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 4

Marketing - Essay Example This will be followed by the marketing mix of the company. The paper on the whole provides a deep insight into the company and marketing aspects of the M&S. The term marketing has a number of different views and opinions and there is a high level of confusion that can be found on this term. Different people from different industries have different views on the term. Ever industry uses the term marketing for different processes within the company (Webster, 1988). For instance, for a company selling coal, marketing is simply an understanding of the local markets and the cost that he can sell the produced coal. However marketing is very different for a person working for a company that sells products in the market. The alternative definition to marketing includes that by the AMA (The American Marketing Association). The AMA has defined marketing as, â€Å"The performance of business activities directed toward, and incident to, the flow of goods and services from producer to consumer or user† (OShaughnessy, 1984, p. 4). The above mentioned definition focuses on the distribution aspects of marketing and there is clearly no mention of the most essential aspect of marketing, i.e. the Four P’s. The AMA has revised this definition and changes it to a more comprehensive one in 1985 which explained, â€Å"The process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational objectives† (Marketing Library, 2010). As seen the revised definition of marketing takes into account the various elements and concepts related to marketing. The newer definition of marketing is one which provides a completely rounded explanation of marketing. Market oriented organisations have a number of characteristics which include, a) Customer focus, b) Customer Orientation, c) Marketing Coordination & Integration, d) Long term focus and

Gharar in Islamic Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Gharar in Islamic Law - Assignment Example Finally, even if the relevant agreements amounted to agreements to pay Riba, the principal sums advanced could validly be claimed (Usmani, 2001). Hence, Murabaha Agreements should be in accordance with Islamic law, all that is required is certification by Islamic Bank’s Religious Supervisory Board and the principal amounts are dispensed in accordance with the terms of Murabaha Agreements (Usmani, 2001). The Gharar contains uncertainty in a contract or sale where the goods may or may not be available (the bird in the air or the fish in the water). It shows ambiguity in the consideration or terms of a contract. As such the contract would not be void. An example tainted with Gharar is an agreement to sell goods which have already been sold (Vogel and Samuel, 1998). This paper finds Gharar in depth in three contracts. The three contracts that I have analyzed in this paper are about car, property and stocks. The Bank has followed the methods of Islamic banking while still Gharar ca n be found in them. Elements of Riba and Gharar are present in the contractual documents. The transactions if carried out under the mentioned products (cars, stocks and property) require Murabaha Financing. The important ingredients of the Murabaha Financing Agreement are The Preamble: it is an integral part of the agreement; Definitions: incorporation of the terms: a) Account b) Agency Agreement c) Agreement d) Client Financials e) Declaration f) Due dates g) Goods h) Murabaha Account i) Purchase Price j) Security k) Security Deposits; Purchase and Sale Agreement; Mode of Payment; Representation of the Client; Representation of the Institution; General Covenants of the Client; General Covenants of the Institution; Warranties of the Institution; Security; Risk of Loss; Takafol; Damages; Governing Law and Jurisdiction; Set off; Acceleration; General; Execution of document by the Counterparts ( The Institution and The Client); Dated; Witnesses; Schedule of Documents: a) Agency Agreeme nt b) Declaration c) Promissory Note d) Description of Security (Ghafoor, 1995). Murabaha Finance Agreement for Car The first contract is about Murabaha Finance Agreement for car. The contract is about a client bank agreement on buying a car in instalments but there are several conditions for the client, which he has to adhere in order to get the car. A down payment is given after which, monthly instalments are fixed for the customer. As this is a Murabaha contract, therefore it is essential to know about Murabaha. Murabaha is a term in Islamic Fiqh and it refers to a particular kind of sale having nothing to do with financing in its original sense. If a seller agrees with his purchaser to provide him specific commodity on a certain profit added to his cost it is considered Murabaha transaction. The basic ingredient of Murabaha is that the seller discloses the actual cost he or she has incurred in acquiring the commodity and then adds some profit thereon. This profit may be lump sum or may be in fraction (Al-Qardawi, 2001). In conventional financing, the financier lends money to the client on interest. After giving the interest bearing loan, the financier has nothing to do with its usage. In the case of Murabahah no money is advanced by the financier. Instead the

The Future Pedagogy Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The Future Pedagogy - Article Example Thus we see an explosion in the education system which had come out of its traditional boundaries. The world was earlier divided into nations and communities. The globalization of trade and commerce had a twin effect on education. As the world converted into a global village so did the communities by melting into each other and communication on a common scale became a necessity. English had already become the language of commerce, more by default than by design, and it was but natural that it also became the most used language of communication in social, technological, scientific and other fields. The pedagogy of the language became a foremost concern and many ways and means were developed and tried to teach English as a second language (ESL). The pedagogy, where the students or learners had to be trained through the use of computers and software, is already in place. It had been in common use for dissemination of knowledge of subjects other than the language. Yet knowledge of English as a language was required as the subjects were well covered in this language. There is, however, a gap in the pedagogy of language. It was still being taught in the traditional way. By far the biggest barrier in the way of Language Acquisition especially English as Second Language (ESL) is the cultural difference between those who use English as First Language and those who have other Language as their first Language. It will be demonstrated later in the paper that as culture and language are intertwined, the study of one without the knowledge of the other becomes fructuous. This is another problem that needs addressing and is presently being handled through mixed culture classes and interaction between sets of students with distinctive cultures. But is this enough? Is this the final solution? Is there a more superior yet easier method? Words and their meanings are often misleading.  

Ideologies of the ANC and DA

Ideologies of the ANC and DA Ideologies of the ANC and DA that serves as intellectual foundation Introduction Ideologies can be defined as a system of ideas and ideals, especially one which forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy. Political Ideologies are the pillars and the foundation of any political party. It is important to have noble political ideologies in order to recruit members with the same beliefs in the party’s ideologies. In this essay, I will identify a few of the ideologies of the ANC and the DA by looking into their manifestos and also give a history of relationship ideologies has with election and a democratic country and also give my opinion on the best ideology as intellectual foundation that will make a change in the country. Ideologies In the book, Politics by Andrew Heywood, we see an Ideology can be defined as Heywood (2013:27) â€Å"A social-scientific viewpoint.† It is a â€Å"coherent set of ideas that provides a basis for organized political action.† When looking at this definition one could deduce various information on the political ideologies of the African National Congress and the Democratic Alliance. It is a group a people that forms a political party having a goal to make a difference in the lives of all citizens within the political arena. They also follows certain procedures to govern a country. We need to take into consideration that political ideologies has many facets such as Liberalism, conservatism, socialism, fascism and feminism as a few. Liberalism is the ideology of the Heywood (2013:31) â€Å"’industrialized West’ and portrayed as a meta-ideology. It is capable of embracing a broad range of rival value and beliefs.† In my opinion it would be a broad range of diversity that we find political ideologies. It is giving everyone an equal chance .It is a sense of equality. For example, Education for all. Heywood (2013:34) Conservatism has its key ideas based on â€Å"tradition-accumulated wisdom from the past† Conservative people are people who are prone to change. They expect society to stay the same, not taking into consideration that people change and make mistakes. Conservative people struggle to accept that â€Å"nothing stays the same.† Conservatism is found a lot in political structure. It poses many challenges and being conservative as an individual in a group setting in politics can sometimes be difficult. Heywood (2013:38) Socialism is to† abolish a capitalist economy based on a market exchange.†[1] Its key ideas are: â€Å"Community, Fraternity, Social Equality, Need, social class, common ownership.† Socialism relates to a society or an organisation. Socialism within politics strive to economic and political equality within the country and that all citizens are equal which is difficult because we all our diverse and celebrate diversity within our country. We all have our different religions and cultures and we are a different. A socialist is someone who wants to cultivate equality and wants to include every â€Å"creed and colour†. Other ideologies include Heywood (2013:47) â€Å"fascism: ‘new man’ a hero motivated by duty and honour and self-sacrifice prepared to dedicate his/her life to the glory of their nation or race and to give unquestioning obedience to a supreme leader.† Fascists are needed for people to believe that there is a leader that can lead the party in the right direction. Heywood (2013:49)Feminism-â€Å"it is more concerned with the reform of the public sphere that is with enhancing the legal and political status of women and improving their educational and career prospects than reordering private or domestic life.†[2]The political sector is dominated by men. In today’s society we see many females who are leaders. The rise of women played an important role in the upliftment of women. They play a very significant role in the country. We need feminist to bring equality of genders. We have a Minister for Women and children. Political ideologies-an introduction Eccleshall (1984:79) The ideology of conservatism: â€Å"If a society is to prosper, it’s political. Social and economic arrangements must be such as to stimulate and satisfy those with most to contribute to the common good.† [3]Politicians are needed to keep balance between all the facets of a country (the citizens, the environment, infrastructure etc.) the so-called business-man, the farmer and the man on the street is at a centre of equality. Geoghegan (1984:115) The ideology of socialism â€Å"is that all forms of socialism comprise three basic components: a critique, an alternative and a theory of transition.†[4] Socialists have a social responsibility to the country. Everyone to have basic rights and access their basic rights. It is that the political party can see the need and then assess the need and find possible solutions. For example: Taking the man from the street and giving him shelter. Jay (1984:153) The ideology of Democracy â€Å"is in agreement with ideology that states democracy denotes a rather different kind of entity, Democracy simply mean rule byof the people. Within this we have aristocracy, monarchy and oligarchy. Democracies shared many political practices in common.† A democracy simply means everybody. A democracy is a government that is governed â€Å"for the people, by the people†. Democracy can be seen as freedom to a certain extent. Democracy is what our leaders fought for, so that we can have equality. Democracy is a form of Ideology where people choose a political party to look after their interest in all aspects of life. Jay (1984:185) The ideology of Nationalism. â€Å"Nationalism is described as a doctrine invented in Europe which holds that humanity is naturally divided into nations, that nations are known by certain characteristics which can be ascertained, and that the only legitimate type of government is national self-government. Nationalism is a political doctrine and not a state of mind.†[5] Nationalists are South African citizens who have strong and firm beliefs in their country. Nationalism is a set of values and beliefs pertaining to the country. Nationalists can also oppress people as they only think of what is nationally possible for its citizens. They are loyal and firm believers in the country. Political ideologies of the 20th century Kohn (1966:133) Racialism: â€Å"the word ‘race’ is primarily a biological term and denotes groups of men differentiated by anatomical characteristics.† Many barriers exist because of racism. Racism exists everywhere, locally and even globally. In my opinion, racism can be oppression through colour, gender and religion. People are seen as â€Å"different† just because they do not have the same skin colour or do not believe in the same religious ideologies. Racism in politics is still very rife since Apartheid and beyond. Racism is the cause of inequality between citizens within a specific country. The biggest example of racism in our country is between the leading party (ANC) and the opposition party (DA).The ANC being â€Å"black† dominated party and the DA being diverse but mostly white. The DA maintains a good BEE balance. BEE is a racist attack in order to â€Å"rectify† the inequalities of the past Apartheid era. Kohn(1966:146) Fascism: †is one of the two great authoritarian mass movements which started in the 20th century in conscious opposition to the middle-class capitalistic civilization of the 19th century. The origins of the fascist movement in Italy are to be found in both the wave of disillusionment and the exacerbated nationalism that swept Italy after 1918.† [6]Fascism is when one leader can not fight socio-economic issues on his/her own and where inequality still exists. Fascism is seen as a mass movement. Political Science in Africa Science vs. philosophy: The Need for a relevant political science. Barongo (1983:17) When we define political science â€Å"the different branches of inquiry may divide into two group the empirical and non-empirical .Empirical seek to explore, to describe to explain to predict occurrences in the world we live in. Non-empirical had disciplines of logic and pure mathematics whose propositions are proved without necessary reference to empirical findings.†[7] In my opinion, political science is a study. And like any study, thorough research has to be done to obtain more information about the specific topic/idea. Every continent/country has their own political ideologies and beliefs because each country is different. Africa being the poorest continent has a tremendous job in order to compete/compare with first world countries. Although our continent is â€Å"poor†, we are rich in resources, especially in research. SA Politics: An Introduction The function of political parties in a democracy De Jager (2015:150-151) We see political parties for â€Å"representing the interest† of their members. In SA â€Å"there is a broad diversity of ideologies, cultures and history and thus interest.† The role of the parties is to ensure that all the interest of their members are taken into consideration. If members put a political party into governance (by voting), the members of that political party expect the party to look after their interests with in the party. The political party must look after the cultural, religious and social beliefs of the members. For example: upliftment within communities and extra-mural activities in wards where the political is in power â€Å"Socialisation and mobilisation: Parties can ensure increased participation of the public by integrating voters into a system and teaching them how and why to play the political game. Doing this they also inadvertently stimulate a sense of political legitimacy for democracy.† Mobilisation is getting a community to be self-sufficient. When political parties creates projects for the community to be self-sufficient. For example: Starting vegetable gardens, informing them about their rights. â€Å"Formation and Recruitment of political leaders: recruit and training political leaders. Not just the ANC has to recruit leaders but the opposition parties.† This consist of encouraging the youth to get involved in politics. It starts at school (debates, trips to Parliament) to inform the youth and make them politically aware of possibilities of a career in politics. In order for them to be successful, they need to have a passion for doing the right thing politics for people. Formation is important to form a youth league to train the youth from an early age. â€Å"Winning Elections and governing: key role of political parties in a democracy is to put forward their philosophies goals and election manifestos to compete for votes. The ANC has won all of the national elections since 1994 because it is very skilled at electioneering and has the largest base of social support.† Canvassing in the area for elections is a form of competition. Politicians say the right things to prospective members even if it is not true just to win votes. If enough people vote, the political party might be successful and win the elections. Many people believe that the ANC brought freedom, but ironically many politicians within the party have been found guilty by the public protector. The ruling party will be in control and hold most seats in government which works to their advantage. â€Å"Maintaining government accountability and influencing decision-making: there are two types of accountability: 1-vertical: emanates through the electorate sine the electorate knows which party is responsible for controlling the government. 2-Horizrontal: channelled through opposition parties which are responsible for systems (e.g.: winning the right to govern).† Jacob Zuma is our president and the leader of the ANC. We need to hold the correct person accountable for his actions. We need to know who will be responsible for the actions of government. Government acts on behalf of the country. The opposition plays an important role to keep the leading party on their toes as competition. The leading party has a lot of influence of decisions with government. They influence decision making as a party. The Ruling Party ANC. De Jager (2015:154) â€Å"The liberation movement celebrated it centenary in 2012. It is a movement that is born out of Christian values of equality and mutual respect led by an African middle class of lawyers, teachers, church ministers and doctors. The early ANC’s call for inclusion in the South African body of politic was as citizens of a common, non-racial society, informed by Christian and liberal conceptions of justice and humanity. The ANC has also been influenced by the ideologies of communism and Africanism, the different approaches of those who were in exile; trade union movements; and those incarcerated during Apartheid. The influence of these different ideologies and traditions continues to have considerable significance for the organisation, leading it to be called a ‘broad church ‘It also helps to explain why the policies and practices emanating from the ANC cover the spectrum from moderate to radical and from liberal to socialist. The ANC still does not recognise itself as a political party; it insists on being a liberation movement. Currently the party is torn between the values of its founders and those who seek political power for personal interest.† Nelson Mandela played an extremely important role in the ANC and the country. He was the forefather of the â€Å"liberation movement.† The ANC strives to keep his legacy alive. Although there was many controversy within the party, they still have some form of success. Julius Malema leaving the ANC led to a decrease in the party, although he left, the ANC is still the most popular political party. They member’s believe that the ANC can not do anything wrong in the political spectrum. The official opposition The DA De Jager (2015:155) The DA is the â€Å"culmination of a long time of political parties splitting and coalescing but its origins go back to the breakaway by a number of liberals form the United Party in 1959 and the formation of the Progressive Party. Helen Suzman played a major role in the history of the DA. The DA supports a ‘programme of non-racial democracy, a limited state, constitutional supremacy and market economy.’ The party is labelled as the ‘white party’. The primary challenge for the party is its growth as non-white members could not become public representatives pre 1994. The key resource for the DA has been access to government and the use of coalitions†[8]. The DA can be seen as the biggest threat to the leading party. The official opposition party. It is a strong opposition. They are the biggest threat to the ANC. The coalition between the DA and the so called â€Å"coloured party† the Independent Democrats lead by Patricia de Lille was one of the biggest political developments we have ever seen post 1994. The history of the party still classifies them as a â€Å"white party†. The DA is quite diverse. The Western Cape is governed by the DA and they are doing quite well here. Although they provide competition for the ANC, they do a lot for the province. The Ideologies of the Democratic Alliance â€Å"What type of society does the DA want to build? 1) The core concept of Zille’s DA is one of an ‘open opportunity society for all,’ which it counter poses to the ANC’s ‘closed crony society for some’ where a clique rules to accumulate wealth. For the DA, a competitive job-creating economy, supported by an efficient education system, are the main drivers of this society. 2) The DA’s education policy subscribes to human capital theory, which considers the purpose of education to be the production of skills for the market, and the raising of productivity and hence economic growth. 3) The DA aims to provide what it refers to as a framework for choice of goods and services, such as schools. The party bases their conception of choice on trickle-down economics; so, as global competitiveness drives economic growth and society becomes richer, its members will be able to exercise the rights and choices for services.† [9] The Ideologies of the African National Congress. â€Å"For more than a century, has led our people in their aspiration for a united, non-racial, non-sexist, democratic and prosperous society as the strategic goal of the National democratic revolution. To ensure all South Africans have access to adequate human settlements and quality living conditions through programmes that provide one million housing opportunities for qualifying households over the next five years, and providing basic services and infrastructure in all existing informal settlements. Improve and expand education and training by making grade R compulsory, eradicating adult illiteracy, and further improving the quality of basic education up to senior grade. The FET college sector will be expanded, with greater support for the needs of students, and compulsory community service for all graduates will be introduced.†[10] Conclusion As we can see from the above information, political ideologies are very important when researching political parties it is also important that the ideologies are in line with the needs of the country (that of the leading party and the opposition party) I agree with the ideologies of the DA as intellectual foundation because their ideologies are more universal and more realistic. All over the world and in all of history, political ideologies were used and accepted by potential members and loyal support of the political party. Various political ideologies should be used as far as possible within the party. Bibliography/Referencing list Heywood, A. 2013. Politics. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. Eccleshal, R., Geoghegan, V., Jay, R. Wilford, R. 1984. Political Ideologies:An introduction. Essex: Anchor Brendon Ltd. Kohn, H. 1966. Political Ideologies of the Twentieth Century. New York: The Macmillan Company. Baronga, Y. 1983. Political Science in Africa. London: Zed Press Plc. De Jager, N., Graham, V., Gumede, V., Mangcu, X., Neethling, T., Kotze, J., Welsh, D. 2015. South African Politics: An Itroduction. South Africa: Oxford University Press Southern Africa (Pty) Limited. http://africasacountry.com/the-politics-and-ideology-of-helen-zille/ (9 April 2015) http://www.anc.org.za/docs/manifesto/2014/anc-manifesto.pd (9 April 2015) [1] A. Heywood Politics (2013) 27,31,34,38. [2] A. Heywood Politics (2013) 47,49. [3] R. Eccleshall Political Ideologies:an introduction (1984) 79. [4] V. Geoghegan Political Ideologies:an introduction (1984) 115. [5] R. Jay Political Ideologies:an introduction (1984)159,185. [6] H. Kohn Political Ideologies of the Twentieth Century (1966) 133,146. [7] Y. Barongo Political Science in Africa (1983) 17. [8] N. De Jager South African Politics:An Introduction (2015) 150,151,154,155. [9] http://africasacountry.com/the-politics-and-ideology-of-helen-zille/ [10] http://www.anc.org.za/docs/manifesto/2014/anc-manifesto.pd